Reasons for Bullying and Cyberbullying from the Students' Perspective. Study with teenagers from Buenos Aires
Keywords:
school abuse; cyberbullying; adolescents; reasons.Abstract
The objective of this work is to investigate and describe the reasons that students aged between 13 and 18 years, enrolled in schools located in the territory of Buenos Aires, Argentina, relate to the phenomenon of bullying, both in its traditional form and as cybernetics –cyberbullying-. Likewise, it is proposed to distinguish the motives adduced by the students considering their role of implication, victim or aggressor, in each one of these modalities. A descriptive, cross-sectional and non-experimental study was carried out, using a non-probabilistic sample by accessibility, consisting of 259 students (67.1% women, age M = 15.6, SD = 1.6), to whom the versions were administered adapted from the instruments called Cuestionario sobre Intimidación y Maltrato entre Iguales, Escala CYB – VIC y Escala CYB – AG. The results obtained allow us to observe that students relate the situations of bullying with different reasons such as provocation, the asymmetry of power between those who abuse and those who are mistreated, the perception of weakness, the need to belong to the group, the negative perception of individual differences and the fact of making a hoax. It is also noted that the reasons referred to by the students are reported in dissimilar proportions, considering their role of involvement as a victim or as an aggressor, both in situations of bullying and cyberbullying. The practical implications of the results found are discussed in order to favor the appropriate approach to school abuse between students.
References
Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M.W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W.O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone Viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
Almeida, A., Lisboa, C., & Caurcer M.J. (2007). ¿Por qué Ocurren los Malos Tratos entre Iguales? Explicaciones Causales de Adolescentes Portugueses y Brasileños. Revista Interamericana de Psicología / Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 107-118.
American Psychological Association [APA]. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American psychologist, 57(12), 1060-1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/e305322003-001
Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: “Much ado about nothing?”. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991383
Avilés Martínez, J.M. (2017). Diferencias de atribución causal en el bullying entre sus protagonistas. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 3(7), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v4i9.1188
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Melotti, G., Galli, S., y Genta, M.L. (2012). Predictors of victimisation across direct bullying, indirect bullying and cyberbullying. Emotional and Behavioural Difculties, 17(3-4), 375-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704684
Buelga, S., Cava, M.J., & Musitu, G. (2010). Escala de Victimización a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet (CYBVIC). http://www.uv.es/lisis/instrumentos13/cyberbulling-victim.pdf
Buelga, S., Pons, J., Cava, M., & Musitu, G. (2011). Escala de Agresiones a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet (CYBAGRES). https://www.uv.es/lisis/instrumentos13/cyberbullying-agresion.pdf
Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., & Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform. Qualitative Health
Research, 18(12), 1704-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308325865
Campbell, M., & Bauman, S. (2018). Cyberbullying: Definition, consequences, prevalence. En M. Campbell, & S. Bauman (Eds.), Reducing Cyberbullying in Schools (pp. 3-16). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811423-0.00001-8
Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Vollink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
Dooley, J.J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying Versus Face-to-Face Bullying. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182
Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina [FePRA]. (2013). Código de Ética de la Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina. http://fepra.org.ar/docs/C_ETICA.pdf
Garaigordobil, M., Mollo-Torrico, J. P., & Larrain, E. (2019). Prevalencia de Bullying y Cyberbullying en Latinoamérica: una revisión. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología, 11(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.11301
Garalgordobil, M. (2014). Cyberbullying. Screening de acoso entre iguales: descripción y datos psicométricos. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología, 4(1), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.617
Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: an attributional analysis. Developmental psychology, 34(3), 587-538. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.34.3.587
Grigg, D.W. (2010). Cyber-Aggression: Definition and Concept of Cyberbullying. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.143
Gutiérrez, R., Benítez, J.L., Machado, C., & Justicia, F. (2017). Estudio de las atribuciones hacia el maltrato entre iguales del alumnado agresor frente al no agresor, mediante el Cuestionario SCAN-Bullying. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 10(27) 545-568. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v10i27.1516
Hamm, M., Newton, A., Chisholm, A, Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P… Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people: A scoping review of social media studies. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 770-777. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944
Hase, C.N., Goldberg, S.B., Smith, D., Stuck, A., & Campain, J. (2015). Impacts of traditional bullying and cyberbullying on the mental health of middle school and high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 52(6), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21841
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación ( 6ª ed.). México: McGraw-Hill.
Herrera-López, M., Romera, E.M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Bullying y Cyberbullying en Latinoamérica. Un estudio bibliométrico. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 23(76), 125-155.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hopkins, L., Taylor, L., Bowen, E., & Wood, C. (2013). A qualitative study investigating adolescents’ understanding of aggression, bullying and violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(4), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.01.012
Hymel, S., & Swearer, S.M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928
Kim, J., Song, H., & Jennings, W.G. (2016). A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 63(12), 1600-1625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716675358
Kim, S., Colwell, S.R., Kata, A., Boyle, M.H., & Georgiades, K. (2017). Cyberbullying Victimization and Adolescent Mental Health: Evidence of Differential Effects by Sex and Mental Health Problem Type. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0678-4
Kubiszewski, V., Fontaine, R., Potard, C., & Auzoult, L. (2015). Does cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account? Computers in Human Behaviour, 43, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.049
Lanzillotti, A.I. (s.f.). Autoestima y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes involucrados en situaciones de cyberbullying (Tesis de Doctorado no publicada). Universidad de Buenos Aires, área Psicología. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina.
Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
Modecki, K., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A., Guerra, N., & Runions, K. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R.K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: segunda edición. Psicothema, 25(2), 151-157.
Olweus, D. (1998). Conductas de acoso y amenaza entre escolares. Madrid: Morata Olweus, D., & Limber, S.P. (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.012
Oñate, A., & Piñuel, I. (2005). Informe Cisneros VII. Violencia y acoso escolar en alumnos de primaria, ESO y Bachiller. Madrid: Instituto de Innovación educativa y desarrollo directivo.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura [UNESCO]. (2019). Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. Recuperado de https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483
Ortega-Ruiz, R. (1994). Las malas relaciones interpersonales en la escuela: Estudio sobre la violencia y el maltrato entre compañeros de segunda etapa de E.G.B. Infancia y Sociedad, (27-28), 191-216.
Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2010). Treinta años de investigación y prevención del bullying y la violencia escolar. En R. Ortega-Ruiz (Ed.), Agresividad Injustificada, Bullying y Violencia Escolar (pp. 15-30). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Mora-Merchán, J.A. (2000). Violencia Escolar. Mito o realidad. Sevilla: Mergablum.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Mora-Merchán, J.A., & Mora, J. (1995). Cuestionario sobre intimidación y maltrato entre iguales. Cuestionario del alumnado de secundaria. Proyecto Sevilla Anti-Violencia Escolar, Universidad de Sevilla. https://www.uco.es/laecovi/img/recursos/nrKribUW8NHWlLe.pdf
Paladino, C., & Gorostiaga, D. (2012). La cotidianeidad del maltrato entre pares y su representación. Memorias del IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología, XIX Jornadas de Investigación, VIII Encuentro de Investigadores en
Psicología del MERCOSUR (pp. 110-113). Facultad de Psicología - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://jimemorias.psi.uba.ar/
Patchin, J.W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
Patton, D.U., Hong, J.S., Patel, S., & Kral, M.J. (2017). A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015588502
Pellegrini, A.D., & Bartini, M. (2001). Dominance in early adolescent boys: Affiliative and aggressive dimensions and possible functions. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47(1), 142-163. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2001.0004
Pikas, A. (1989). A pure concept of Mobbing gives the best results for treatment. School Psychology International, 10(2), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034389102003
Postigo S., Schoeps, K., Ordóñez, A., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2019). ¿Qué dicen los adolescentes sobre el acoso escolar? Anales de psicología / Annals of psychology, 35(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.301201
Pronk, R.E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2009). It’s ‘Mean’, but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 175-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409350504
Saldana, J. (2008). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Ángeles: SAGE.
Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviours associated with bullying in schools. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000488
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::aid-ab1>3.0.co;2-t
Slonje, R., Smith, P.K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
Smith, P.K., & Sharp, S. (1994). School bullying. Insights and perspectives. Routeledge. London.
Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Stapinski, L.A., Bowes, L., Wolke, D., Pearson, R.M., Mahedy, L., Button, K.S., Lewis, G., & Araya, R. (2014). Peer victimization during adolescence and risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Depression and anxiety, 31(7), 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22270
Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2014). Adult Health Outcomes of Childhood Bullying Victimization: Evidence from a Five-Decade Longitudinal British Birth Cohort. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(7), 777-784. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101401
Talwar, V., Gomez-Garibello, C., & Shariff, S. (2014). Adolescents’ moral evaluations and ratings of cyberbullying: The effect of veracity and intentionality behind the event. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.046
Thomas, H.J., Connor, J.P., & Scott, J.G. (2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents – A review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(1), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9261-7
Toblin, R.L., Schwartz, D., Hopmeyer Gorman, A., & Abou-ezzeddine, T. (2005). Social–cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.02.004
Tokunaga, R.S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in human behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Tribunal Internacional de Nuremberg. (1947). Código de Nuremberg. Traducción adaptada de Mainetti, J.A. (1989), Ética Médica, Quirón: Argentina.
Valadez Figueroa, I., González Gallegos, N., Orozco Valerio, M., & Montes Barajas, R. (2011). Atribuciones causales del maltrato entre iguales. La perspectiva de los alumnos y del personal de escuelas de enseñanza media básica. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 16(51), 1111-1136.
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
Veccia, T., Levin, E., & Waisbrot, C. (2012). Agresión, violencia y maltrato en el grupo de pares. Aplicación de una metodología cualitativa multitécnica con alumnos de séptimo grado de una escuela pública de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 15(2), 13-34.
Wolke, D., Copeland, W.E., Angold, A., & Costello, E.J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological science, 24(10), 1958-1970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613481608
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Factors, knowledge, prevention and intervention. Aggression and violent behavior, 23, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.001
Almeida, A., Lisboa, C., & Caurcer M.J. (2007). ¿Por qué Ocurren los Malos Tratos entre Iguales? Explicaciones Causales de Adolescentes Portugueses y Brasileños. Revista Interamericana de Psicología / Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 107-118.
American Psychological Association [APA]. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American psychologist, 57(12), 1060-1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/e305322003-001
Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: “Much ado about nothing?”. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991383
Avilés Martínez, J.M. (2017). Diferencias de atribución causal en el bullying entre sus protagonistas. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 3(7), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v4i9.1188
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Melotti, G., Galli, S., y Genta, M.L. (2012). Predictors of victimisation across direct bullying, indirect bullying and cyberbullying. Emotional and Behavioural Difculties, 17(3-4), 375-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704684
Buelga, S., Cava, M.J., & Musitu, G. (2010). Escala de Victimización a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet (CYBVIC). http://www.uv.es/lisis/instrumentos13/cyberbulling-victim.pdf
Buelga, S., Pons, J., Cava, M., & Musitu, G. (2011). Escala de Agresiones a través del Teléfono Móvil y de Internet (CYBAGRES). https://www.uv.es/lisis/instrumentos13/cyberbullying-agresion.pdf
Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., & Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform. Qualitative Health
Research, 18(12), 1704-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308325865
Campbell, M., & Bauman, S. (2018). Cyberbullying: Definition, consequences, prevalence. En M. Campbell, & S. Bauman (Eds.), Reducing Cyberbullying in Schools (pp. 3-16). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811423-0.00001-8
Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Vollink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
Dooley, J.J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying Versus Face-to-Face Bullying. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182
Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina [FePRA]. (2013). Código de Ética de la Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina. http://fepra.org.ar/docs/C_ETICA.pdf
Garaigordobil, M., Mollo-Torrico, J. P., & Larrain, E. (2019). Prevalencia de Bullying y Cyberbullying en Latinoamérica: una revisión. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología, 11(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.11301
Garalgordobil, M. (2014). Cyberbullying. Screening de acoso entre iguales: descripción y datos psicométricos. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología, 4(1), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.617
Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: an attributional analysis. Developmental psychology, 34(3), 587-538. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.34.3.587
Grigg, D.W. (2010). Cyber-Aggression: Definition and Concept of Cyberbullying. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.143
Gutiérrez, R., Benítez, J.L., Machado, C., & Justicia, F. (2017). Estudio de las atribuciones hacia el maltrato entre iguales del alumnado agresor frente al no agresor, mediante el Cuestionario SCAN-Bullying. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 10(27) 545-568. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v10i27.1516
Hamm, M., Newton, A., Chisholm, A, Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P… Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people: A scoping review of social media studies. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 770-777. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944
Hase, C.N., Goldberg, S.B., Smith, D., Stuck, A., & Campain, J. (2015). Impacts of traditional bullying and cyberbullying on the mental health of middle school and high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 52(6), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21841
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación ( 6ª ed.). México: McGraw-Hill.
Herrera-López, M., Romera, E.M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Bullying y Cyberbullying en Latinoamérica. Un estudio bibliométrico. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 23(76), 125-155.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hopkins, L., Taylor, L., Bowen, E., & Wood, C. (2013). A qualitative study investigating adolescents’ understanding of aggression, bullying and violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(4), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.01.012
Hymel, S., & Swearer, S.M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928
Kim, J., Song, H., & Jennings, W.G. (2016). A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 63(12), 1600-1625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716675358
Kim, S., Colwell, S.R., Kata, A., Boyle, M.H., & Georgiades, K. (2017). Cyberbullying Victimization and Adolescent Mental Health: Evidence of Differential Effects by Sex and Mental Health Problem Type. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0678-4
Kubiszewski, V., Fontaine, R., Potard, C., & Auzoult, L. (2015). Does cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account? Computers in Human Behaviour, 43, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.049
Lanzillotti, A.I. (s.f.). Autoestima y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes involucrados en situaciones de cyberbullying (Tesis de Doctorado no publicada). Universidad de Buenos Aires, área Psicología. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina.
Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
Modecki, K., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A., Guerra, N., & Runions, K. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R.K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: segunda edición. Psicothema, 25(2), 151-157.
Olweus, D. (1998). Conductas de acoso y amenaza entre escolares. Madrid: Morata Olweus, D., & Limber, S.P. (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.012
Oñate, A., & Piñuel, I. (2005). Informe Cisneros VII. Violencia y acoso escolar en alumnos de primaria, ESO y Bachiller. Madrid: Instituto de Innovación educativa y desarrollo directivo.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura [UNESCO]. (2019). Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. Recuperado de https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483
Ortega-Ruiz, R. (1994). Las malas relaciones interpersonales en la escuela: Estudio sobre la violencia y el maltrato entre compañeros de segunda etapa de E.G.B. Infancia y Sociedad, (27-28), 191-216.
Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2010). Treinta años de investigación y prevención del bullying y la violencia escolar. En R. Ortega-Ruiz (Ed.), Agresividad Injustificada, Bullying y Violencia Escolar (pp. 15-30). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Mora-Merchán, J.A. (2000). Violencia Escolar. Mito o realidad. Sevilla: Mergablum.
Ortega-Ruiz, R., Mora-Merchán, J.A., & Mora, J. (1995). Cuestionario sobre intimidación y maltrato entre iguales. Cuestionario del alumnado de secundaria. Proyecto Sevilla Anti-Violencia Escolar, Universidad de Sevilla. https://www.uco.es/laecovi/img/recursos/nrKribUW8NHWlLe.pdf
Paladino, C., & Gorostiaga, D. (2012). La cotidianeidad del maltrato entre pares y su representación. Memorias del IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología, XIX Jornadas de Investigación, VIII Encuentro de Investigadores en
Psicología del MERCOSUR (pp. 110-113). Facultad de Psicología - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://jimemorias.psi.uba.ar/
Patchin, J.W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
Patton, D.U., Hong, J.S., Patel, S., & Kral, M.J. (2017). A Systematic Review of Research Strategies Used in Qualitative Studies on School Bullying and Victimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015588502
Pellegrini, A.D., & Bartini, M. (2001). Dominance in early adolescent boys: Affiliative and aggressive dimensions and possible functions. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47(1), 142-163. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2001.0004
Pikas, A. (1989). A pure concept of Mobbing gives the best results for treatment. School Psychology International, 10(2), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034389102003
Postigo S., Schoeps, K., Ordóñez, A., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2019). ¿Qué dicen los adolescentes sobre el acoso escolar? Anales de psicología / Annals of psychology, 35(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.301201
Pronk, R.E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2009). It’s ‘Mean’, but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 175-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409350504
Saldana, J. (2008). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Ángeles: SAGE.
Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviours associated with bullying in schools. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000488
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::aid-ab1>3.0.co;2-t
Slonje, R., Smith, P.K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
Smith, P.K., & Sharp, S. (1994). School bullying. Insights and perspectives. Routeledge. London.
Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Stapinski, L.A., Bowes, L., Wolke, D., Pearson, R.M., Mahedy, L., Button, K.S., Lewis, G., & Araya, R. (2014). Peer victimization during adolescence and risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Depression and anxiety, 31(7), 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22270
Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2014). Adult Health Outcomes of Childhood Bullying Victimization: Evidence from a Five-Decade Longitudinal British Birth Cohort. The American journal of psychiatry, 171(7), 777-784. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101401
Talwar, V., Gomez-Garibello, C., & Shariff, S. (2014). Adolescents’ moral evaluations and ratings of cyberbullying: The effect of veracity and intentionality behind the event. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.046
Thomas, H.J., Connor, J.P., & Scott, J.G. (2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents – A review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(1), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9261-7
Toblin, R.L., Schwartz, D., Hopmeyer Gorman, A., & Abou-ezzeddine, T. (2005). Social–cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.02.004
Tokunaga, R.S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in human behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Tribunal Internacional de Nuremberg. (1947). Código de Nuremberg. Traducción adaptada de Mainetti, J.A. (1989), Ética Médica, Quirón: Argentina.
Valadez Figueroa, I., González Gallegos, N., Orozco Valerio, M., & Montes Barajas, R. (2011). Atribuciones causales del maltrato entre iguales. La perspectiva de los alumnos y del personal de escuelas de enseñanza media básica. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 16(51), 1111-1136.
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042
Veccia, T., Levin, E., & Waisbrot, C. (2012). Agresión, violencia y maltrato en el grupo de pares. Aplicación de una metodología cualitativa multitécnica con alumnos de séptimo grado de una escuela pública de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 15(2), 13-34.
Wolke, D., Copeland, W.E., Angold, A., & Costello, E.J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological science, 24(10), 1958-1970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613481608
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015). Systematic review of theoretical studies on bullying and cyberbullying: Factors, knowledge, prevention and intervention. Aggression and violent behavior, 23, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.001
Published
2020-03-11
How to Cite
Lanzillotti, A. I. ., & Korman, G. P. (2020). Reasons for Bullying and Cyberbullying from the Students’ Perspective. Study with teenagers from Buenos Aires. Revista Científica Hallazgos21, 5(1), 11–33. Retrieved from https://revistas.pucese.edu.ec/hallazgos21/article/view/394
Issue
Section
Artículos Originales
License
Los artículos enviados a la Revista Científica Hallazgos21 deberán ser totalmente originales e inéditos.
Los autores son los responsables de los textos y las imágenes incluidas en los artículos y no necesariamente reflejan el pensamiento de la editorial o de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Sede Esmeraldas (PUCESE).
Los autores disponen cederle a la Revista Científica Hallazgos21 todos los derechos inherentes para la edición, publicación y distribución o divulgación del mismo.
Se autoriza a las revistas firmantes de los acuerdos de Encuentros de Revistas Latinoamericanas para reproducir en parte o totalmente los artículos con la sola mención de la fuente claramente señalada.
